Characterization of HIV-1 reservoirs in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis toward pediatric HIV cure

Objective: To conduct a comprehensive, systematic review of the profile of HIV-1 reservoirs in children and adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV infection.

Study design: Randomized and nonrandomized trials, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies on HIV reservoirs in pediatric populations, published between 2002 and 2022, were included. Archived-drug resistance mutations (ADRMs) and the size of reservoirs were evaluated. Subgroup analyses were performed to characterize further the data, and the meta-analysis was done through random effect models.

Results: Overall, 49 studies from 17 countries worldwide were included, encompassing 2356 perinatally infected participants (48.83% females). There are limited data on the quantitative characterization of viral reservoirs in sub-Saharan Africa, with sensitive methodologies such as droplet digital polymerase chain reaction rarely employed. The overall prevalence of ADRMs was 37.80% (95% CI 13.89–65.17), with 48.79% (95% CI 0–100) in Africa, 42.08% (95% CI 6.68–82.71) in America, 23.88% (95% CI 14.34–34.90) in Asia, and 20.00% (95% CI 10.72–31.17) in Europe, without any difference between infants and adolescents (P = .656). Starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) before 2 months of age limited the levels of HIV-1 DNA (P = .054). Participants with long-suppressed viremia (>5 years) had lower levels of HIV-1 DNA (P = .027). Pre- and post-ART CD4 ≤29% and pre-ART viremia ≥5Log were all found associated with greater levels of HIV-1 DNA (P = .038, P = .047, and P = .041, respectively).

Conclusions: The pooled prevalence of ADRMs is high in perinatally infected pediatric population, with larger proviral reservoir size driven by delayed ART initiation, a shorter period of viral suppression, and immunovirological failures. Thus, strategies for pediatric HIV functional cure should target children and adolescents with very early ART initiation, immunocompetence, and long-term viral suppression.

• Epidemiology and Determinants of Health
  • Epidemiology
• Population(s)
  • Children or Youth (less than 18 years old)
  • General HIV+ population