Chest X-ray features of HIV-associated pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: The performance of chest x-ray (CXR) features for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) diagnosis has been evaluated in small studies. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to describe CXR changes in adults with HIV-associated laboratory-confirmed PCP, comparing these with non-PCP respiratory disease. METHODS: We searched databases for studies reporting CXR changes in people >15 years old with HIV and laboratory-confirmed PCP and those with non-PCP respiratory disease. CXR features were grouped using consensus terms. Proportions were pooled and odds ratios (ORs) generated using random-effects meta-analysis, with subgroup analyses by CD4 count, study period, radiology review method, and study region. RESULTS: Fifty-one studies (with 1821 PCP and 1052 non-PCP cases) were included. Interstitial infiltrate (59%; 95% CI, 52%–66%; 36 studies, n = 1380; I² = 85%) and ground-glass opacification (48%; 95% CI, 15%–83%; 4 studies, n = 57; I² = 86%) were common in PCP. Cystic lesions, central lymphadenopathy, and pneumothorax were infrequent. Pleural effusion was rare in PCP (0%; 95% CI, 0%–2%). Interstitial infiltrate (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.4–3.9; I² = 60%), interstitial-alveolar infiltrate (OR, 10.2; 95% CI, 3.2–32.4; I² = 0%), and diffuse CXR changes (OR, 7.3; 95% CI, 2.7–20.2; I² = 87%) were associated with PCP diagnosis. There was loss of association with alveolar infiltrate in African studies. CONCLUSIONS: Diffuse CXR changes and interstitial-alveolar infiltrates indicate a higher likelihood of PCP. Pleural effusion, lymphadenopathy, and focal alveolar infiltrates suggest alternative causes. These findings could be incorporated into clinical algorithms to improve diagnosis of HIV-associated PCP.

• Epidemiology and Determinants of Health
  • Epidemiology
• Population(s)
  • General HIV+ population
• Co-infections
  • Other