Estimated prevalence and associations of sexually transmissible bacterial enteric pathogens in asymptomatic men who have sex with men: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: The reservoir of sexually transmissible bacterial enteric pathogens in asymptomatic men who have sex with men (MSM) may impact future outbreaks, and the evolution of antimicrobial resistance. We aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence and explore any factors associated with Shigella spp, Campylobacter spp, diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp in asymptomatic MSM using the random effects model.

Methods: We searched Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Web of Science Core Collections for manuscripts published up to February 2024. One author screened citations and abstracts; two authors independently conducted a full-text review. We included manuscripts which measured the prevalence of Shigella spp, Campylobacter spp, diarrhoeagenic E. coli and Salmonella spp in asymptomatic MSM. Quality and risk of bias was assessed independently by two authors using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. We calculated pooled prevalence and CIs using the random effects model.

Results: Six manuscripts were included in the final review. The manuscripts were from Australia (n=2), the UK (n=2), the Netherlands (n=1) and the USA (n=1) and included data from 3766 asymptomatic MSM tested for bacterial enteric pathogens. The prevalence of Shigella spp was 1.1% (95% CI 0.7% to 1.7%), Campylobacter spp 1.9% (95% CI 1.5% to 2.5%), diarrhoeagenic E. coli 3.8% (95% CI 2.1% to 6.7%) and Salmonella spp 0.3% (95% CI 0.1% to 0.6%). Two manuscripts demonstrated that the detection of bacterial enteric pathogen was more frequent in asymptomatic MSM using HIV-pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), living with HIV, reporting <5 new sexual partners in the past 3 months, reporting insertive oral-anal sex and group sex compared with MSM testing negative.

Conclusion: Despite a small number of manuscripts, this review has estimated the pooled prevalence, and highlighted some possible associations with sexually transmissible bacterial enteric pathogens in asymptomatic MSM, which can inform future clinical guidelines, public health control strategies and research to increase our understanding of transmission and the evolution of antimicrobial resistance.

• Epidemiology and Determinants of Health
  • Epidemiology
• Population(s)
  • Men who have sex with men
• Prevention, Engagement and Care Cascade
  • Prevention
• Prevention
  • Sexual risk behaviour
  • Biomedical interventions
• Co-infections
  • Other